Forensic Toxicology of Stimulants and Psychotropic Drugs

Methamphetamine, a representative stimulant, is one of the most commonly abused drugs globally. Although originally used in healthcare settings as a psychostimulant among the psychotropic drugs, it has been illegally bootlegged and abused because of its strong pharmacological action. Methamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that induces hypernoia and reduces fatigue and drowsiness. However, its abuse can lead to dependence and the development of psychosis, with the chief complaints of hallucinations and delusions. Its use is therefore restricted by law. In terms of psychotropic drugs, whether old or new type of drugs are prescribed depends on symptoms even now. Psychotropic drugs that have high lethality associated with overdose include typical antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, and barbiturates. Even drugs that have few side effects and are considered safe, such as atypical antipsychotics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, and non-benzodiazepines, are associated with a risk for overdose, increased suicide rates, and onset of discontinuation syndrome where they are prescribed more than necessary. Individuals can form physical and psychological dependence to benzodiazepines and barbiturates, and therefore attention must be paid to their long-term use.