Management of Complications and Revisions of Sacral Neuromodulation

Despite the various treatment modalities available for patients with chronic lower urinary tract symptoms, sacral neuromodulation has proven to be a great minimally invasive option for those with refractory urinary retention, urgency incontinence, and overactive bladder symptoms. This procedure has undergone major changes since its inception in 1979, especially after the introduction of the tined lead. This chapter focuses on the complications of sacral neuromodulation and the different ways to troubleshoot them in order to improve therapeutic outcomes.