Poor Pharmaceutical Training at excluded regions – Some Evidences

After an intensive development of pharmaceutical knowledge at XV and XVI Centuries as a consequence of Portuguese Discovery of World, mainly India, China, Japan and America, as a consequence of Counter-Reform, Portuguese Jewish was expelled from Portugal and also from Iberia and with them went apothecary knowledge of chemistry. So, Portuguese pharmaceutical knowledge diminished at subsequent two centuries. With 1618 London Pharmacopeia diffusion across Europe, including Portugal there was a remarkable Pharmaceutical Chemistry development that was pursued with a lag of one century or more in Portugal. So, only at 1794, Portuguese First Legal Pharmacopeia was decreed written by one Doctor of Coimbra Faculty of Medicine, restarting a new understand of Pharmaceutical Science as an applied Chemistry to Body care and as a basis for Pharmaceutical Teaching on Job to guarantee Public Health. Before, as a consequence of 1755 earthquake, an exhaustive inquiry about Portugal wealth and resources gives occasion to recollection of botanic species with direct effects on body health, leading to a new on job training legal organization some years later.  Indeed, as a consequence of 1836 Passos Manuel Educational Reform, was defined a new Pharmacy School at Coimbra University, but without any defined curriculum. The same happen at created Lisbon and Oporto Medical and Surgical Schools. All teaching was done within eight years of practice under the supervision of a certified pharmaceutic. Law obliged that on the job fellows must be registered simultaneously at a registration book at this three schools. At the end, the practitioner was examined at one of these schools and, if approved, becomes Pharmaceutic of Second Class. Alternatively, but not at Coimbra University but obligatorily, after some experience, there are an alternative curriculum with defined disciplines that certified professional quality of Pharmaceutic of First Class. Analyzing University registration book, I can see how was geographically scattered this teaching, with a curriculum defined by pharmaceutic supervisor and also with some transference among pharmacies with a clear concentration at Coimbra, Lisbon and Oporto, excluding large regions of Portugal, where some towns emerge as local for pharmaceutic apprenticeship. But, it was evident the persistent ignorance of law and mistakes at registrations and also many university administrative failures, accompanied by pharmaceutic supervisor errors and consequently with poor professional training. This had dramatic consequences at professional training quality and subsequent professional performance. So happened deaths by deficient understanding of medical prescription. So, as a consequence, Viscount of Vila Mayor, University Rector, ordered a new registration in a new book and at 1880 decade argues also for a reform of pharmaceutic teaching to outpaced these problems that signaled teaching backwardness in Medical Education, with social and individual costs at excluded regions at maintenance of Body Health. All was done with almost total exclusion of Women of University Studies, being exception pharmaceutic practicing. However until 1880 decade only two women was approved as Second Class pharmaceutics.