Activated sludge : Latest developments and a look into the future

This paper examines and discusses (a) the innovations of the activated-sludge process which have been developed in recent years - particularly biological nutrient-removal processes, (b) modifications to minimize the construction costs of activated-sludge systems while simultaneously incorporating biological nutrient-removal techniques, (c) innovative computer-interfaced control methodologies, and (d) proposed methods of improving the biochemical versatility of activated sludge. The paper also presents potential methods of utilizing activated-sludge processes to produce valuable by-products from wastewaters.