Visual, hearing and dual sensory impairment are associated with higher depression and anxiety in women.

OBJECTIVE We investigated cross-sectional gender-specific associations with vision, hearing and both (dual) impairment with depression and chronic anxiety using a large representative sample of Spanish adults. METHODS The present study utilised data from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017. A total of 23,089 adults (15-103 years, 45.9% men) participated in this survey. Participants self-reported whether they had suffered depression and/or anxiety, and also whether they experience vision, hearing and both vision/hearing (dual) impairment. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations between the three types of sensory impairment and anxiety or depression, in men and women. RESULTS Across the whole sample (n=23,089) the prevalence of depression and anxiety was between 2.00-2.56 times higher in women compared to men. Dual sensory impairment (hearing and vision) was associated with higher levels of depression (OR = 2.980, 95% CI 2.170-4.091) and anxiety (OR = 2.636, 95% CI 1.902-3.653) compared to single sensory impairment. Stratified associations by gender showed higher odd ratios for women with dual sensory loss (3.488 for depression and 3.478 for anxiety) compared to men (2.773 for depression and 1.803 for anxiety). CONCLUSIONS Dual sensory impairment (hearing and seeing) is are associated with increased depression and anxiety. Women with dual sensory impairment showed stronger associations compared to men among adults in Spain. Interventions are needed to address vision and/or hearing impairment in order to reduce anxiety and depression especially in women. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.