Crop responses to nitrogen overfertilization: A review

Abstract Nitrogen-containing fertilizers are commonly used in modern agriculture, but the application rate in most fields exceeds crop demand, with short- and long-term negative consequences. Reduction in the quality of the products, assessed by organoleptic characteristics and compounds related to health, such as nitrate, are commonly reported. Even yield losses, depending on site-specific conditions, can result from N overfertilization. This literature review summarizes the research of the past 20 years that describes the response of crops to high rates of N fertilization, with a detailed analysis of the conditions and agricultural practices that lead to nitrate accumulation in leafy green vegetables.