Impact of Kiukkola-Wagner Paper on the Development of Electrochemical Probes and Tools for Fundamental Studies and Industrial Applications

3which was, and continues to be, an important technological problem. In the same way, Kiukkola and Wagner’s paper marks not only the beginnings of the era of the science of fast ionic transport in solids, but also the technology of ionics. Although Walther Nernst had demonstrated in the 1890s that various zirconia based oxides are “electrical conductors of 2 nd class” (as ionic conductors were called at that time), it was not until a half century later that Carl Wagner concluded in a 1943 “Gedenkband” memorizing the death of Walther Nernst that doped zirconia conducts exclusively the large oxide ions