Chapter 34 – Neuroinflammation
2012
Publisher Summary
The central nervous system's (CNS) innate immune response involves intricate signaling circuitry and cellular networks. The primary cells involved in neuroinflammation are the microglia that actively survey the brain microenvironment and upon activation, serve as the resident macrophages in the CNS. Microglia is derived from the bone marrow, and takes up residence in the brain during development, and comprises approximately 12% of the cells of the CNS. Microglia functions as a major immune mediator in the CNS and performs the functions necessary for recruitment of the immune system. In the mature CNS, microglia are apparently dormant (resting microglia) but are actively monitoring the environment, contributing to the maintenance of neurovascular integrity to prevent access of potentially damaging immune system elements, and mitigating inflammation. The phagocytic role of microglia is displayed during early embryonic brain development in which the microglias ingest cellular debris of excess neurons that have undergone programmed cell death. Microglia are involved in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, HIV dementia, retinal degenerative diseases and many other conditions.
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