The apert and crouzon syndromes: general and dental aspects and management in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics: A review article

Craniofacial malformations, as seen in Apert and Crouzon syndromes, may have an immense impact not only on function and esthetics, but also on the psychosocial well-being of the person affected. To provide insight on the social life aspects of persons with Crouzon syndrome, during the transition from childhood to adulthood and as young adults. Furthermore, to study the main facial and intraoral characteristics of persons with Apert or Crouzon syndrome, the clinical manifestations that may be present in addition to the main syndromic features, and the cranio-maxillofacial surgical treatment protocols. Finally, to investigate dental agenesis dental agenesis patterns of permanent teeth in persons with these syndromes. The persons with Crouzon syndrome had to face different obstacles when developing their self-image during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Young adults with Crouzon syndrome tried to make the best of their situation. Already from childhood, they developed various strategies that helped them to cope with their lives. Mental disability, associated additional malformations, cleft palate, and extensive lateral palatal swellings were more common in children with Apert syndrome. In both syndromes, clinical findings included concave profile, negative overjet, posterior crossbites, anterior openbite, and dental midline deviation, A combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment planning.