Trophic effects of hypophyseal hormones on resistance vessels and the heart in normotensive and renal hypertensive rats

Folkow, B., Isaksson, O. G. P., Karlstrom, G., Lever, A. F. & Nordlander, M. 1992. Trophic effects of hypophyseal hormones on resistance vessels and the heart in normotensive and renal hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol Scand144, 291–306. Received 20 June 1991, accepted 7 October 1991. ISSN 0001–6772. Department of Physiology, University of Goteborg, Sweden, and MRC Blood Pressure Unit, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Arterial pressure is an important determinant of cardiovascular structure and relates positively to it. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pituitary hormones influence the relation of pressure and structure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 5 weeks, were studied in three groups: the first underwent hypophysectomy; the second was hypophysectomized but received replacement therapy with growth hormone and thyroxine; the third served as controls. Four days later half of each group underwent unilateral renal artery clipping, the other half serving as normotensive controls. For 5 weeks estimates were made of systolic blood pressure, heart rate, body weight and plasma renin activity. Rats were then killed; left ventricular, kidney and adrenal weights were determined and, using hindquarter perfusion, estimates were made of resistance at maximal dilatation (reflecting inner radius), and of maximal pressor response (reflecting wall thickness). Results: (1) Hypophysectomy in non-clipped rats reduced growth rate, systolic blood pressure and heart rate while plasma renin activity rose. As related to pressure and to body weight, resistance at maximal dilatation, maximal pressor response, left ventricular weight remained at the juvenile values of a 5-week-old rat. Hormone replacement restored values to those of control rats aged 11 weeks. (2) Clipping in the control group rats increased systolic blood pressure more than in hypophysectomized and growth hormone and thyroxine receiving hypophysectomized groups even though plasma renin activity remained higher in hypophysectomized than in control rats. Plasma renin activity was highest in hypophysectomized rats with highest pressure. (3) Systolic blood pressure related positively to left ventricle weight, resistance at maximal dilatation, maximal pressor response and calculated wall thickness to inner radius ratios in all groups. However, these regressions were all, like renal structural adaptation, considerably depressed in the hypophysectomized group. Hormone replacement restored the relation of structure and pressure towards that of control group rats. Thus, growth hormone and thyroxine influence maturation of the normal cardiovascular system and greatly enhance its structural upward resetting in hypertension.