Modern urology perspectives on prostate cancer biomarkers.

Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer among men in Europe. Current recommendations for screening and diagnosis are based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements and the digital rectal examination (DRE). Both of them are triggers for prostate biopsy. Limited specificity of the PSA test brings, however, a need to develop new, better diagnostic tools. Several commercially available variations of the PSA test including: prostate health index (PHI), 4Kscore as well as molecular PCA3 score, have already revealed its value, lowering the number of unnecessary biopsies.