A Th17- and Th2-skewed Cytokine Profile in Cystic Fibrosis Lungs Represents a Potential Risk Factor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection

Rationale: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by progressive pulmonary inflammation that is infection-triggered. Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents a risk factor for deterioration of lung function and reduced life expectancy.Objectives: To assess T-cell cytokine/chemokine production in clinically stable children with CF and evaluate the association between T-cell subtypes and susceptibility for infection with P. aeruginosa.Methods: T-cell cytokine/chemokine profiles were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from children with CF (n = 57; 6.1 ± 5.9 yr) and non-CF control subjects (n = 18; 5.9 ± 4.3 yr). Memory responses to Aspergillus fumigatus and P. aeruginosa were monitored. High-resolution computed tomography–based Helbich score was assessed. In a prospective observational trial the association between BALF cytokine/chemokine profiles and subsequent infection with P. aeruginosa was studied.Measurements and Main Results: Th1- (INF-γ), Th2- (IL-5, IL-13), Th17- (IL-17A), and Th17-related cyt...