On the spatial organization of hairpin packets in a turbulent boundary layer at low-to-moderate Reynolds number

The present study is devoted to characterizing the coherent organization of vortical structures, which can be fitted into the paradigm of the hairpin-packet model, in the streamwise–wall-normal plane of a canonical turbulent boundary layer at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=377{-}1093$ . Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the planar velocity fields measured via two-dimensional particle image velocimetry, together with a spatio-temporal coherence analysis, shows that the first four leading-order POD modes share both geometric similarity and dynamic coherence and jointly depict the downstream convection of the large-scale Q2/Q4 events, which can be regarded as the low-order imprints of the hairpin packets. A simple low-order indicator is then proposed to extract the inclined interfaces of the hairpin packets, based on which a two-point conditional correlation analysis forms a statistical picture of the spatial organization of multiple prograde vortices aligned along the interface within one packet. A saturation of the self-similar growth of the streamwise gap between two neighbouring vortices is seen. This implies a detachment of the hairpin packets from the inner layer. Both the detachment height and the saturated streamwise spacing are found to scale as $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}^{1/2}$ .