Scanning near-field optical microscopy as a tool for the characterization of multimode interference devices.

We report the scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) characterization of a 4 × 4 multimode interference (MMI) device working at a wavelength of 1.55 µm and designed for astronomical signal recombination. A comprehensive analysis of the mapped propagating field is presented. We compare SNOM measurements with beam-propagation-method simulations and thus are able to determine the MMI structure's refractive-index contrast and show that the measured value is higher than the expected value. Further investigation allows us to demonstrate that good care must be taken with the refractive-index profile used in simulation when one deals with low-index contrast structures. We show evidence that a step-index contrast is not suitable for adequate simulation of our structure and present a model that permits good agreement between measured and simulated propagating fields.