Refractoriness of urethral striated muscle contractility to nitric oxide-dependent cyclic GMP production

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on urethral striated muscle and its involvement in contractile function. The localization of cGMP, neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), vimentin, and neuronal markers was assessed by immunofluorescence in the sheep and rat urethra and the expression of nNOS was determined in Western blots. Nerve-mediated contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were recorded in the sheep urethra. The scant nitrergic innervation of the striated muscle layer suggests that autonomic control of its activity is unlikely. The striated fiber itself may be the source of high levels NO produced by sarcolemmal and/or cytosolic μ or α variant of nNOS. This endogenous NO may provoke high basal production of soluble guanylate cyclase (GC) dependent cGMP, mainly in non-NO producing muscle fibers, which is not further enhanced by NO donors. cGMP co-localizes with neurofilament and PGP 9.5 at muscle endplates. Modulators of the cGMP pathway did not affect nerve-mediated contractile activity induced by EFS, suggesting that cGMP is not a significant mediator of neuromuscular transmission. In addition, NO donors did increase the accumulation of cGMP in dense networks of vimentin immunoreactive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), whose function is not yet known. These data suggest that there is a strong but non-regulated production of cGMP under resting conditions, which does not seem to affect contractile function. Modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission by NO through cGMP-independent mechanisms cannot be discarded.