Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Optic Apparatus: Technique and Pathology

Abstract Lesions affecting the optic apparatus vary widely with respect to their histology, location, and extent. Endoscopic endonasal approaches, including the transsphenoidal and extended transsphenoidal routes, offer excellent surgical access to the medial and inferior aspects of the optic apparatus. The extent of resection should be based on the principle of maximal safe tumor removal with preservation or restoration of visual function. Meticulous endonasal reconstruction of the cranial base defect is critical to avoid leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and infection.