Tim-3 suppression combined with TLR3 activation enhances antiviral immune response in patients with chronic HCV infection

ObjectiveTo investigate the regulation mechanism of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) combined with toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) or TLR4 on antiviral immune and inflammatory response in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.MethodsPatients with chronic HCV infection and healthy control subjects were recruited. Patients received interferon (IFN)-α based therapy. Plasma galectin-9 (Gal-9) was quantitated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with TLR3 or TLR4 agonists, alone or in combination with Tim-3 antagonist. Levels of IFN-α, TNF-α, and 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (2′-5′OAS), myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) and suppressor of cytokine 1 (SOCS1) RNA in PBMC cultures were evaluated.ResultsPlasma Gal-9 levels were increased in patients (n = 52) compared with controls (n = 20) and significantly declined at treatment week 12 and 24 weeks post-treatment. IFN-α, 2′-5′OAS, MxA, TNF-α and SOCS1 were upregulated by TLR3 and TLR4 agonists. TNF-α and SOC...