Comprehensive analysis of phenolic compounds from natural products: Integrating sample preparation and analysis

Abstract The comprehensive analysis of phenolic compounds from natural products comprises critical steps, including quantitative extraction, extract preparation, and chromatographic procedure. Performing these steps off-line requires a long time to obtain results, besides being laborious and more error-prone. This work discusses the concept and presents the details of assembling and validating a new system to comprehensively analyze phenolic compounds in natural products. The system is based on a bidimensional separation through the combination of pressurized liquid extraction with in-line solid-phase extraction coupled online with HPLC-PDA. The system proved to be able to perform a bidimensional separation to characterize the sample and ensure quantitative extraction of all detected components using the most appropriate extraction solvent gradient depending on the raw sample analyzed. The 1st dimension separation is achieved by PLE-SPE with a solvent gradient and differential interactions of extracted compounds with the adsorbent. The 2nd dimension presents the HPLC-PDA separation. The extraction/separation process can be monitored in real-time, and kinetic extraction curves for individual compounds can also be obtained to ensure quantitative extraction. Thus, the 2D PLE-SPE × HPLC-PDA may provide fast and precise comprehensive analyses of a large plethora of phenolic compounds, finding relevant applications in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural fields.