HIV-1 Seroconversion is Not Associated with Prolonged Rectal Mucosal Inflammation.

Objective Determine the impact of HIV-1 seroconversion on inflammatory cytokines in the rectal mucosa. Setting Secondary analysis of data from men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women who participated in a HIV prevention trial Lima, Peru. Methods From July to December 2017, 605 MSM and transgender women were screened for rectal gonorrhea/chlamydia (GC/CT). 50 GC/CT positive cases were randomly selected and matched with 52 GC/CT negative controls by age and number of receptive anal intercourse (RAI) partners in last month. All participants were HIV-negative at baseline and those with GC/CT at baseline and/or follow-up received appropriate antibiotic therapy. Participants underwent sponge collection of rectal secretions for measurement of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and were screened for rectal GC/CT and HIV at baseline, 3-months, and 6-months. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests compared inflammatory cytokine levels between participants diagnosed with HIV during follow-up compared to persons who remained HIV-negative. Results Eight participants were diagnosed with HIV at the 3-month (n=6) or 6-month (n=2) visit. Median number of RAI partners in the month prior to HIV diagnosis was the same for those who acquired HIV and those who did not. There were no significant differences in inflammatory cytokine levels in rectal mucosa between participants who did and did not experience HIV seroconversion at any time point. Conclusions Despite a surge in viral replication during acute infection, findings from this study suggest that there is no prolonged effect of HIV-1 seroconversion on inflammatory cytokine levels in the rectal mucosa.