Non-invasively assessed skeletal bone status and its relationship to the biomechanical properties and condition of cancellous bone
2005
Cancellous bone constitutes much of the volume of bone which makes up axial
skeletal sites such as the vertebrae of the spine and the femoral neck. However the
increased vascularity of cancellous bone compared with cortical bone means that it is more
prone to drug, endocrine and metabolic related effects and therefore these skeletal sites are
more prone to the bone condition osteoporosis. With the bone condition osteoporosis
increasing in prevalence it is becoming far more important not only for those at risk of
having the condition to be diagnosed earlier, but also for the effects of the condition to be
better understood. There is a need for the better clinical management of fractures and for
therapies and medical practices that will best avoid the low trauma fractures that are seen as a consequence of the condition.
This study is in two separate sections, the first constitutes an investigation into the
diagnostic abilities of the CUBA Clinical and Sunlight Omnisense quantitative ultrasound
systems; and on the other hand an examination of the osteoporotic risk factor
questionnaires, Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI), Osteoporosis Index of
Risk (OSIRIS), Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool (OST), Patient Body Weight (pBW),
Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation (SCORE) and the Study of Osteoporotic
Fractures (SOFSURF). The skeletal status was assessed by DXA at the axial skeleton. The
aim was to differentiate between the systems that could rationally be used to screen
populations to identify those who needed DXA densitometry investigations, on the basis of
ability.
The second section of the study focused on the biomechanics of cancellous bone,
with the initial studies examining the compressive properties of both osteoporotic and
osteoarthritic cancellous bone and the effects that the conditions have on the compressive
mechanics of the bone. The later section is the first ever study into the K, G and J-integral
fracture mechanics of cancellous bone. It used osteoporotic and osteoarthritic cancellous
bone from the femoral head of a cohort of ultrasound scanned patients and of some equine
vertebral cancellous bone. The study focused on the identification of the dominant
independent material variables which affected the compressive and fracture mechanics of
cancellous bone, and the differences that were seen between the two different skeletal
conditions. In addition to the independent variables, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) scans
were performed on the donors of the femoral heads which enabled investigation into QUS’s
ability to predict either the compressive or fracture mechanics of bone in-vivo.
The study demonstrated that the investigation of the calcaneus using the CUBA
clinical system provided the highest level of diagnostic accuracy (AUC: 0.755 - 0.95),
followed by the questionnaires, of which the OSIRIS questionnaire was the best performer
(AUC: 0.74 – 0.866), and lastly the Sunlight Omnisense results. The best option for the
prediction of the lowest feasible…
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