The esthetic outcome of lower limb reconstruction

Summary Background In recent years, the progress of anatomical knowledge and microsurgical techniques, in particular the development of perforator flaps, has risen the number of flaps available for lower leg reconstruction. The esthetic consequences of flap choice and harvest do have an impact on patients’ quality of life. Nowadays, more researchers evaluate the esthetic changes following lower limb reconstruction. Objectives This review aims to summarize the available evidence on the esthetic outcome of lower limb reconstruction. Data sources A systematic review was planned to identify the most relevant indexed articles on this subject. The search was performed on Pubmed database without date of publication limits. Study eligibility criteria All papers about reporting information about the esthetic outcome of lower limb reconstruction were selected. Case reports and the articles not including specific information about complications, secondary procedures, and outcomes were excluded. The articles were categorized according to their topic and date of publication. The full texts of all the articles were obtained and read thoroughly. The references for each article were screened to identify articles that were eventually left outside our database search. Participants, and interventions One hundred and eight articles were retained for the definitive review. Eleven review articles were kept because they represented a good source of information. Thirty-three articles were added after reading the full texts. The articles appear highly heterogeneous and at, this stage, only a critical and qualitative analysis could be performed. Results We found information about 7895 lower reconstructions, 1295 local flaps, 6546 free flaps. Limitations The esthetic evaluation is intrinsic subjective. Many psychological and cultural factors influence both the patient and the surgeon. There is not a validated assessment tool for the esthetic outcome of lower leg reconstruction. Therefore, no quantitative analysis was performed. Conclusions Some ancient techniques are today obsolete, like the rectus abdominis free muscle flaps and perhaps free forearm flap, others are always useful, like gracilis and latissimus dorsi free flap. ALT flap is the most versatile perforator flap today available, but the SCIP flap is gaining the favor of a growing number of surgeons. Local flaps will be always performed with success but their indications should not be pushed beyond the medium-size defects. The best cosmetic outcome for each patient cannot necessarily be obtained neither with the easiest techniques nor with the most technically demanding ones. It is necessary to develop validated tools to assess the cosmetic outcome of lower limb reconstruction.