Differences in foot dimensions between children and adolescents with and without Down syndrome.

PURPOSE This study compared the differences in foot dimensions between children with and without Down syndrome using three-dimensional (3D) foot scans. METHODS 51 children with and 51 children without Down syndrome had a 3D scan taken of their right foot to compare the absolute and normalised (for height or foot length) measurements. RESULTS Normalised foot length was shorter in children with Down syndrome (MD -11.62 mm, 95% CI -15.06 to -8.18, p < 0.001). When normalised for foot length, ball of foot length (MD 2.87 mm, 95% CI 1.17 to 4.58, p = 0.001), diagonal and horizontal foot width (MD 3.65 mm, 95% CI 1.65 to 5.66, p < 0.001; MD 4.80 mm, 95% CI 2.88 to 6.72, p < 0.001, respectively), ball and instep girth (MD 10.60 mm, 95% CI 5.96 to 15.25, p < 0.001; MD 7.92 mm, 95% CI 3.02 to 12.82, p = 0.002, respectively) and fifth toe height (MD 3.14 mm, 95% CI 2.22 to 4.07, p < 0.001) were greater in children with Down syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Children with Down syndrome have shorter, wider feet with greater girth and fifthtoe height measurements relative to children without Down syndrome. These findings have implications for footwear fit and the manufacturing of population-specific footwear.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONFootwear-fitting issues arise as a result of the unique foot shape of children with Down syndrome.There are substantial variations in the foot shape of children with and without Down syndrome.Children with Down syndrome require wider, deeper footwear at a given length to accommodate their foot dimensions.These findings have implications for the manufacturing of population-specific footwear.