Indication of chemoembolization therapy without gelatin sponge for hepatocellular carcinoma

: This study evaluated the effect of chemoembolization (C-LIP) consisting of ethiodized oil (Lipiodol Ultra Fluid; Andre Guerbet, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France) and epirubicin, without gelatin sponge on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), administered by hepatic arterial infusion. We analyzed the cases from two points of view: the local recurrence rate for hypervascular solitary small HCC (tumor size: < or =3 cm in diameter) and the cumulative survival rate for advanced HCC (stage VI according to the criteria of Liver Cancer Group of Japan) following C-LIP therapy. The C-LIP also was compared with transcather arterial embolization (TAE; C-LIP followed by gelatin sponge) and percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT). In the small HCC cases, the recurrence rate at 1 year after C-LIP was 77% (10 of 13 patients), while the local recurrence rate was 46% (six of 13 patients) at 6 months and 61% (eight of 13 patients) at 1 year. The local recurrence rate at 1 year was 29% (four of 14 patients) after TAE and 20% (three of 15 patients) after PEIT. These results showed that the effect of local anticancer therapy by C-LIP was not as potent as that of TAE or PEIT. In advanced HCC cases, the cumulative survival rate for 13 patients treated by C-LIP was 72% at 6 months, 36% at 1 year, and 14% at 2 years. However, the survival rates for 13 patients at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after TAE were 46%, 23%, and 8%, respectively. There was no difference between the C-LIP patients and TAE patients with regard to the pretreatment liver function. Three patients died within 2 months after the initial TAE. These deaths were mainly due to damage to the noncancerous liver parenchyma. Therapy with C-LIP alone was not appropriate for hypervascular solitary small HCCs, and additional treatment was necessary. We think C-LIP therapy should be selected instead of TAE for advanced HCCs to avoid severe parenchymal damage.