Gabapentin Prophylaxis for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Abdominal Surgeries: A Quantitative Analysis of Evidence From Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

Introduction Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is frequently encountered in the surgical recovery room. Abdominal surgery is one important risk factor for increased incidence of PONV. Gabapentin, an anticonvulsant with known postoperative analgesic properties, has shown some activity against PONV. Results from clinical trials evaluating the anti-emetic efficacy of gabapentin are conflicting. The present meta-analysis was performed to examine this issue. Methods Seventeen randomized placebo-controlled trials reporting PONV with preoperative gabapentin administration in patients undergoing abdominal surgery were included for analysis. Outcomes evaluated were nausea, vomiting, composite PONV and the use of rescue anti-emetic medication in the postoperative period. Results The pooled relative risk (RR), estimated using the random effects model of the metafor package for R, was 0.76 (95% CI 0.58–0.98) for nausea, 0.62 (0.45–0.85) for vomiting, 0.71 (0.39–1.28) for data represented as composite PONV (possibly biased by a single study, as observed in the sensitivity analysis), and 0.6 (0.41–0.89) for rescue anti-emetic use. There was a significant RR reduction for nausea and vomiting when propofol was not used as induction and/or maintenance for anaesthesia. In the abdominal hysterectomy subgroup, there was a significant RR reduction for vomiting but not for nausea. Discussion The present analysis provides evidence supporting preoperative gabapentin as a pharmacotherapy for prevention of PONV in patients undergoing abdominal surgeries. Future studies comparing preoperative gabapentin with 5HT3 antagonists are needed to precisely define its role in PONV.