Analysis and application of forecasting models in wind power integration: A review of multi-step-ahead wind speed forecasting models

Wind energy, which is clean, inexhaustible and free, has been used to mitigate the crisis of conventional resource depletion. However, wind power is difficult to implement on a large scale because the volatility of wind hinders the prediction of steady and accurate wind power or speed values, especially for multi-step-ahead and long horizon cases. Multi-step-ahead prediction of wind speed is challenging and can be realized by the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). However, a large error in wind speed will occur due to inaccurate predictions at the beginning of the synoptic process in WRF. Multi-step wind speed predictions using statistical and machine learning methods have rarely been studied because greater numbers of forecasting steps correspond to lower accuracy.