The advanced p-y method for analyzing the behaviour of large-diameter monopiles supporting offshore wind turbines

The analyses of monopile foundations have been heavily based on the p-y response curves (to represent lateral soil resistances) published by API RP 2GEO (2011) and DNV (2013), which are proven reliable and applicable for piles with smaller diameters that were normally used for jacket structures in the offshore industry. However, concerns have been raised about the validity of semi-empirical p-y criteria for large-diameter piles. Wind turbine monopiles have a significantly larger diameter and smaller length to diameter ratio than typical piles used for offshore structures. The ratio of the length to the diameter for a monopile typically is also significantly smaller than those used in the API load tests. Therefore, the response of a monopile may be more like a rigid rotation, with components of resistance mobilized at the tip and axially along the sides as it rotates. This behaviour is in contrast to long slender piles that respond to lateral loading in bending rather than rotation. The objective of this paper is to analyze the factors that may contribute to the apparent conservatism in the current design practice for large-diameter monopile foundations and to provide improved solutions on how to analyze and design the large-diameter monopiles for offshore wind turbine using the p-y method.