Inter-limb interactions and constraints in the expression of maximum force: a review, some implications and suggested underlying mechanisms

Human motor action in both sporting and industrial situations involves complex movement patterns that require the concurrent activation of more than one unit of the motor system. This paper is about one aspect of how different muscle groups affect each other when they are activated in unison. Twenty years of research suggests that the maximum force‐generating capacity of human muscles varies according to whether they contract alone or with other muscles. An example of this is the ‘bilateral deficit’ phenomenon (Ohtsuki, 1983), whereby the force produced when individuals perform simultaneous bilateral contractions of homologous limbs is less than the sum of the forces produced when each of the limbs contracts alone. The implications of investigations examining force‐related patterns of inhibition in multi‐limb action have been largely ignored and no serious attempt has hitherto been made to establish a theoretical framework within which to accommodate the findings. This paper reviews literature addressing ...