Four-Dimensional Flow Imaging

Moreover, the same MRA techniques allow the visualization of the coronary veins anatomy, which is of interest for the optimal placement of pacemaker leads in cardiac resynchronization therapy.7,8Amedeo Chiribiri, Markus Henningsson, Claudia Prieto, Michael Jerosch-Herold, and Rene M. BotnarCONTENTS1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Technical Challenges and General Imaging Strategies for Coronary CMR 21.2.1 Compensation of Cardiac Motion: ECG Triggering 2 1.2.2 Compensation of Respiratory Motion: Navigator 2 1.2.3 Coronary Artery Imaging 31.2.3.1 Sequences 3 1.2.3.2 Contrast-Enhancing Spin Preparations 4 1.2.3.3 Contrast Agents 4 1.2.3.4 Recent Improvements in Acquisition Speed and Resolution 51.2.4 Coronary Vein Imaging 5 1.2.5 Coronary Vessel Wall Imaging 5 1.2.6 Special Considerations: Intracoronary Stents 71.3 Clinical Applications 7 1.3.1 Coronary Artery Angiography for the Detection of CAD 7 1.3.2 Coronary Anomalies and Aneurysms 8 1.3.3 Coronary Bypass Grafts 8 1.3.4 Coronary Vessel Wall Imaging 8 1.3.5 Coronary Vein Imaging 81.4 Myocardial Perfusion Imaging 8 1.4.1 Techniques for Magnetic Resonance Myocardial Perfusion Imaging 9 1.4.2 Clinical Applications 121.5 Conclusions-Future Perspective 12 References 13This chapter provides an update on current improvements in coronary MRA as well as an overview on its current clinical usage.