Shear stress in the common carotid artery is related to both intima-media thickness and echogenecity The Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors study

It has previously been shown that the degree of shear stress (SS) in the carotid artery is related to both plaque occurrence and intima-media thickness (IMT). Since the echogenecity also is an important feature of plaques, we investigated if a reduced shear stress also is related to the echolucency of plaque and the intima-media complex. In the Prospective Study of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study, a population-based study of 1016 subjects aged 70, left common carotid artery diameter, IMT, the grey scale median (GSM) of the intima-media complex (IM-GSM) and the blood flow velocity were measured by ultrasound. Occurrence of plaque was noted, and the echogenecity of the plaques was visually estimated by the Gray-Weale classification. Shear stress was inversely related to both IMT and IM-GSM (p = 0.0084 and p = 0.003, respectively), independently of gender and coronary risk, estimated by the Framingham risk score. Shear stress was lower in subjects with carotid plaque (44% of the sample) than in those without (p = 0.0013), and was inversely related to the echogenecity in the subjects with plaque (p = 0.0092), independently of gender and coronary risk. A low shear stress in the common carotid artery was associated with both a thick IMT and an echolucent intima-media complex. A similar picture was seen when overt plaques were evaluated, suggesting that shear stress is of importance for both the extent and composition of atherosclerosis.