Carcinoid daganatok = Carcinoid tumors

2010 
A szerzők a carcinoid tumorokkal kapcsolatos legfontosabb klinikai gyakorlati ismeretekről adnak attekintest. A carcinoid daganatok neuroendokrin sejtekből szarmazo, tobbsegeben lassan novekvő ritka tumorok, azonban gyorsan metasztatizalo, agressziv formaban is jelentkezhetnek. Epidemiologiai adatok szerint gyakorisaguk nő, amit reszben a diagnosztikus modszerek fejlődese okozhat. A daganatok gyakran tunetmentesek, maskor carcinoid szindroma vagy egyeb endokrin szindromak tunetei lehetnek jelen. A korai diagnozist biokemiai markerek (szerum-kromogranin-A, vizelet-5-hidroxi-indolecetsav) es specialis kepalkoto modszerek segitik. A daganatok jelentős reszet a betegseg előrehaladott stadiumaban ismerik fel; ezekben az esetekben sebeszi modszerekkel nem erhető el teljes gyogyulas, bar a daganat megkisebbitesenek sebeszi vagy intervencios radiologiai lehetősegeit ilyenkor is szamitasba kell venni. A carcinoid tumorokhoz tarsulo klinikai tunetek kezelesenek jelenleg leghatasosabb eszkozei a szomatosztatin-analog keszitmenyek, amelyek a tunetek megszuntetesen/enyhitesen kivul tumorgatlo hatasuk reven akar hosszu eveken keresztul kivedhetik a daganatok novekedeset vagy ritkan daganatregressziot valthatnak ki. A kemoterapias keszitmenyeket elsősorban metasztatikus, agressziv, gyorsan novekvő, illetve pancreas neuroendokrin daganatok eseten alkalmaznak, klinikai vizsgalatokban uj kemoterapias lehetősegkent a temozolomid es a thalidomid adasaval szereztek kedvező kezdeti tapasztalatokat. Progressziv, előrehaladt stadiumu daganatban szenvedő betegek reszere hatekony uj terapias lehetőseg a 131 I-MIBG, 90 Y-DOTA-TOC es 177 Lu-DOTA-TOC radionuklid kezeles. Kezdeti tapasztalatok allnak rendelkezesre a tirozinkinaz-gatlok, tirozinkinaz-ellenes antitestek es a „mammalian target of rapamycin” (mTOR) gatlok alkalmazasarol, amelyek kozul a hatekonynak bizonyulo keszitmenyek a jovőben szelesebb korű alkalmazast nyerhetnek. Orv. Hetil., 2010, 46, 1885–1894. | The authors review the most important clinical aspects of carcinoid tumors. Carcinoid tumors originating in neuroendocrine cells are rare, usually slowly-growing neoplasms, however, they may present as aggressive and rapidly progressing tumors. Epidemiologic data indicates that their prevalence is gradually increasing, which may be explained, at least in part, by the development and wider use of advanced diagnostic methods. A considerable proportion of patients with neuroendocrine tumors are symptom-free, whereas others may have carcinoid syndrome or symptoms of other endocrine syndromes. Early diagnosis may be established by the measurement of biochemical markers (serum chromogranin A, urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) and advanced localization methods. A considerable number of patients are diagnosed at the late stages of the disease; in these cases surgical cure is not possible but surgical and/or interventional radiologic procedures which reduce tumoral mass should be still considered. The most effective drugs for symptomatic treatment of carcinoid tumors are somatostatin analogues; in addition to their beneficial effect on clinical symptoms they may stabilize tumor growth for many years and, less frequently, may produce tumor regression. The use of chemotherapeutic agents is considered in patients with aggressive, rapidly growing and advanced tumors; initial findings with temozolomide and thalidomide in clinical trials raise the possibility that these chemotherapeutic agents may prove to be new therapeutic options. Radioisotope-labeled peptide receptor therapy with 131 I-MIBG, 90 Y-DOTA-TOC or 177 Lu-DOTA-TOC may offer a highly effective option for patients with progressive and advanced stage of neuroendocrine tumors. Initial observations obtained in clinical trials with some tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antibodies against tyrosine kinases, and with inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) support the possibility that at least some of these new agents may have a role in future treatment options in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Orv. Hetil., 2010, 46, 1885–1894.
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