Rutin accumulation in gardenia calli cultures as a response to phenyl alanine and salicylic acid

Background Rutin is one of the flavonoid compounds found in different plant species. Rutin has powerful antioxidant properties. The main target of this study is to elevate rutin content in gardenia (Gardenia jasmonides Ellis) calli cultures. Different concentrations of phenyl alanine (2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/l) were used as a precursor for enhancement of rutin accumulation. Moreover, and to elevate rutin content, salicylic acid (SA) was used at different concentrations (34.5, 69, 103.5, and 138 mg/l). Various biochemical analyses, i.e., determination of total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity during three periods, after 2 weeks (the first harvest), after 4 weeks (the second harvest), and after 5 weeks (the third harvest) of culture, were performed. In addition, determination of phenols and flavonoids content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were estimated of the three periods.