Interventions to Reduce Late Referrals to Nephrologists

Background: Despite the adverse health outcomes with late nephrology referral for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), little is known about the underlying mechanisms and reasons for late referral patterns. Methods: We conducted a Medline search for peer-reviewed articles focused on nephrology referral among adults with CKD. We critically reviewed this literature in regard to late nephrology referral, highlighted its shortcomings, and provided a theoretically based framework for future research. Results: Late referral has been attributed to three key types of factors: primary care provider (PCP), patient, and healthcare system factors. Limited empirical research has pointed to knowledge deficits, perceptions, and preferences by PCPs as well as to knowledge deficits, psychological concerns, and economic concerns by patients. The existing literature is severely limited by retrospective designs, closed-ended surveys, and the absence of a theoretically driven conceptual framework to fully evaluate root causes of this ongoing problem. Social Cognitive Theory may be a particularly well-suited concep