Evaluation of the anti-Thomsen–Friedenreich antibodies Nemod-TF1 and Nemod-TF2 as prognostic markers in breast cancer

Purpose The TF (Thomsen–Friedenreich, CD176, Galβ1-3GalNAc) carbohydrate moiety is known as a specific oncofetal carbohydrate epitope present in fetal and neoplastic tissue as well as in stem cells. TF was demonstrated to mediate tumor-promoting features and to be highly immunogenic. The current study aimed to evaluate whether presence of the TF antigen is associated with clinico-pathological parameters and prognosis of early breast cancer (BC).