Interwoven loops for electromagnetic architecture of buildings

In recent years we have witnessed a significant increase in the number of wireless devices and networks operating at frequencies bands within the UHF range. As a result, the limited radio spectrum is becoming a very valuable resource. An efficient use of the spectrum in the built environment is to re-use frequency bands in localized area of buildings. This can be realized by incorporating frequency selective surfaces in the built architecture [1–2]. One challenge that the FSS designer encounters when FSS are applied to buildings is that the wavelengths in the bands used by most of the mobile, radio and wireless technologies employed in indoor communications are – not insignificant when compared with the size of an ordinary office room. Another challenge is that the frequency bands are spread over a very wide band spectrum, typically of a 6:1 ratio [3].