Scaffolds for reconstruction of the diaphragm

Abstract The diaphragm is a crucial mammalian skeletal muscle, essential for respiration and to sustain human life. Besides respiration, the complex organ offers a physical barrier between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Unfortunately, the surgical approach for a compromised diaphragm is generally associated with significant risks of defect recurrence, infection, and inadequate growth potential and can cause reformed damaged tissue structures. Consequently, the need for diaphragm resection necessitates the field of tissue engineering to reestablish physiological function and maintenance [1]. Recent therapies employ implantable biodegradable three-dimensional scaffolds to overcome congenital or acquired disorders of the diaphragm. This interdisciplinary field requires a thorough understanding of structural integrity and the diaphragmatic anatomy using pioneered scaffolds to replicate the native architecture, enhancing mechanical properties. The principles of material science are combined with cell transplantation and appropriate tissue perfusion to produce the ideal biomaterial scaffolds, ensuring durability, biodegradability, nonimmunogenic responses, the reduction of morbidity, and reparation to poor muscle contraction [2,3].