An Electrooptothermal-Coupled Circuit-Level Model for VCSELs Under Pulsed Condition

In this paper, a circuit-level model for accurately calculating vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser's (VCSEL) response under pulsed working condition is implemented in the advanced design system computer-aided design environment. New normalization method and thermal leakage current expression are proposed to rate equation to improve numerical convergence of the model's output part, which is critical for pulsed working condition. A self-consistent decoupling method is applied to include the self-heating effects in both input and output parts of the model for getting the accurate waveforms of input current and output light power under pulsed driving conditions. The model's input part is similar to standard SPICE model for p-n junction diode, and is convenient for extracting model parameters to match the device's input impedance profile. A real device's model parameters are extracted, and its voltage–current–light power ( V – I – P ) curves, small-signal transfer function, and transient response under pulsed drive condition are calculated to demonstrate the model's calculation capability. The proposed model is well applicable for designing a high-power electromagnetic sensor including VCSEL and other high-frequency devices.