A vision: in silico clinical trials without patients

Abstract The development of the technology required to generate (molecular) digital twins provides the technological basis for in silico clinical trials, as well as major virtualization of many other steps in the drug development process, offering the potential of orders of magnitude reductions in the cost of bringing new drugs to the market, and a corresponding increase in new drugs in many disease areas, including those for which risks have been considered too high to justify commercial development. The same basic technology will, however, also be used to truly personalize therapy choice and preventive and wellness measures, further increasing health and well-being worldwide.