Findings on hysteroscopy in patients with in vitro fertilization by intra cytoplasmic single sperm injection and embryo transfer failures.

Despite numerous developments in the field of assisted reproduction, the implantation rate remains low. Intrauterine and endometrial integrity abnormalities such as thin endometrium, altered expression of adhesive molecules and immunological factors may decrease endometrial receptivity, whereas chromosomal and genetic abnormalities of the male sperm or female ovarian defects, embryonic aneuploidia or zona hardening are embryonal reasons for the failure of implantation. 1 Among the various etiologies that were described, endometrial regularity played an important role in infertility and success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs. Hysterosalpingography, transvaginal sonography, and saline contrast hysterosonography are useful tools for detecting endometrial irregularity, however, hysteroscopy showed to be more accurate in the evaluation of intracavity pathology in comparison with