Hierarchically electrospun nanofibers and their applications: A review

Abstract Electrospinning is a popular method for generating long and continuous nanofibers due to its simplicity and versatility. However, conventional electrospun products have weak strength and low availability, which restrict their functionality in complex applications. Hierarchical morphology introduces additional and distinctive structural layers onto electrospun fibers. This requires either an extra fabrication step or controlling electrospinning parameters to achieve the desired morphology. Hierarchical morphology can improve the properties of electrospun nanofibers while also mitigating the undesired characteristics. This review discusses the primary and secondary hierarchical structures of electrospun nanomaterials. Hierarchical structures were found to enhance the functionality of nanomaterials and improve pore connectivity and surface areas of electrospun nanofibers. A further advantage is the ability to impart multiple functionalities on nanostructures. With a better understanding of some of the dominant hierarchical structures, nanomaterials applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, catalysis, and energy devices industries can be improved.