Immortal Time Bias in the Analysis of Time-to-Event Data in Orthopedics.

Abstract Many outcomes in arthroplasty research are analyzed as time-to-event outcomes using survival analysis methods. When comparison groups are defined after a time-delayed exposure or intervention, a period of immortal time arises and can lead to biased results. In orthopedics research, immortal time bias often arises when a minimum amount of follow-up is required for study inclusion or when comparing outcomes in staged bilateral vs unilateral arthroplasty patients. We present an explanation of immortal time and the associated bias, describe how to correctly account for it using proper data preparation and statistical techniques, and provide an illustrative example using real-world arthroplasty data. We offer practical guidelines for identifying and properly handling immortal time to avoid bias. Please visit the following https://youtu.be/58p8w5o-ci4 for a video that explains the highlights of the paper in practical terms.