Diagnostic accuracy and suitability of instruments that screen for obstructive sleep apnoea, insomnia and sleep quality in cardiac patients: a meta-analysis.

Abstract Background A number of clinical guidelines recommend that all cardiac rehabilitation patients should be screened for potential sleep disorders with a validated screening instrument. There is currently no consensus on what specific tools should be used. Objective To identify tools that are practical to use in the clinical environment and have high diagnostic accuracy. Methods We systematically searched online databases to identify patient reported outcome instruments that have been used in published research studies to assess the likelihood of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in cardiac patients. In studies that provided diagnostic data, these data were extracted and verified via an evidence-based diagnostic calculator. Where sufficient numbers of studies were available, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine pooled estimates of specificity, sensitivity and diagnostic odds ratios. Selected papers were qualitatively assessed using the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD). Results Of the 21 instruments identified, six detected likelihood of OSA, two assessed daytime sleepiness, five assessed insomnia and eight examined sleep quality. A meta-analysis of 14 studies that assessed diagnostic accuracy of moderate OSA, revealed moderate sensitivity for the Berlin Questionnaire, Sens = 0.49 (95% CI 0.45–0.52) and good sensitivity for the Stop-BANG, Sens = 0.93 (95% CI 0.87–0.96) but poor specificity at standard cut-off criteria. Conclusion There are promising practical tools available to screen patients with OSA and other sleep disorders in cardiac rehabilitation settings, but specificity could be improved. Additional assessment of sleep quality may enhance prognostic ability with both OSA and insomnia screening.