A Very Rare Case of Primary Renal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting With Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis on Radiological Imaging.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) and primary renal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are both rare conditions that can present very similarly in a patient with renal staghorn calculi. We report a case of a 54-year-old male who presented with fatigue, vomiting and significant acute weight loss. The patient was initially believed to have XGP, but was ultimately diagnosed with both XGP and primary renal SCC. This case report and literature review is meant to elucidate the similarities and differences between XGP and primary renal SCC as both can be diagnostically challenging.