Genome-wide dissection of the maize ear genetic architecture using multiple populations.

Summary � Improvement of grain yield is an essential long-term goal of maize (Zea mays) breeding to meet continual and increasing food demands worldwide, but the genetic basis remains unclear. � We used 10 different recombination inbred line (RIL) populations genotyped with highdensity markers and phenotyped in multiple environments to dissect the genetic architecture of maize ear traits. � Three methods were used to map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting ear traits. We found 17–34 minor- or moderate-effect loci that influence ear traits, with little epistasis and environmental interactions, totally accounting for 55.4–82% of the phenotypic variation. Four novel QTLs were validated and fine mapped using candidate gene association analysis, expression QTL analysis and heterogeneous inbred family validation. � The combination of multiple different populations is a flexible and manageable way to collaboratively integrate widely available genetic resources, thereby boosting the statistical power of QTL discovery for important traits in agricultural crops, ultimately facilitating breeding programs.