Natural convection analysis flow of Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in a porous conical enclosure subjected to the magnetic field

The current study investigates MHD natural convection heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid in a truncated cone along with transparent domains having the stimulus of an inherent constant magnetic field. The governing equations subject to the physical boundary conditions are solved numerically by using the Galerkin finite element method. The effects of the various parameters involved in the problem such as the Rayleigh number Ra (ranging between 103 and 106 ), the Hartmann number Ha (ranging between 0 and 60), and the porosity ratio e (0.1–0.9) are examined. Moreover, the effects of Da which represents the Darcy number (between 10‑3 and 10‑1 ) and the volume fraction of nanoparticles ϕ for the dissipated nanoparticles of Al2 O3- Cu are reported in terms of the streamlines and isotherms distributions as well as the Nusselt number. Such parameters are critical control parameters for both the fluid flow and the rate of heat transfer of the natural convection in the annular space. The solution outcomes proof that the average Nusselt number varies directly with the dynamic field flowing through a porous media, whereas it behaves inversely with the magnetic field.