Contribution of brain imaging to the diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma and other brain lesions in patients presenting with miliary tuberculosis

Abstract Background Miliary tuberculosis (miliary TB) is characterized by a hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Cerebral lesions associated with miliary TB have been reported with diverse frequencies. Methods We retrospectively analyzed brain imaging in 34 patients presenting with proven miliary TB hospitalized in our teaching hospital between 2008 and 2014. Results Neurological symptoms were present at admission in 15 patients, emerged during treatment in six, and were never reported in 13. Twenty-one of 34 patients had cerebral involvement, of which five patients did not present with any neurological symptoms. The most common brain lesions on MRI were tuberculomas. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed elevated cell count in eight patients who all had abnormal MRI results. Nine patients with normal CSF had abnormal MRI results. CSF cultures were positive in only eight patients. Paradoxical clinical worsening during TB and corticosteroid treatment was observed in six patients. Conclusion Among patients presenting with miliary TB who underwent brain imaging, more than 60% demonstrated cerebral involvement. Abnormal imaging could occur without any clinical nor CSF impairment. Systematically performing brain imaging in miliary TB patients could therefore be informative.