Artificial Intelligence in Retinal Vascular Imaging

Artificial intelligence (AI) has flourished in the last decade due to the emergence of deep learning, a class of machine learning algorithms dedicated to building large artificial neural network models capable of learning through exposure to large amounts of data. Ophthalmology, and especially retinal science, are at the forefront of AI applications in medicine, with a fully autonomous AI image-based diagnostic system that has recently been approved by the FDA as a first of its kind in medicine (Abramoff et al. 2018; Topol 2019).