On the origin of switchbacks observed in the solar wind

The origin of switchbacks in the solar wind is discussed in two classes of theory that differ in the location of the source being either in the transition region near the Sun or in the solar wind, itself. The two classes of theory differ in their predictions of the switchback rate as a function of distance from the Sun. To test these theories, one-hour averages of Parker Solar Probe data were summed over orbits three through seven. It is found that: 1. The average switchback rate was independent of distance from the Sun. 2. The average switchback rate increased with solar wind speed. 3. The switchback size perpendicular to the flow increased as R, the distance from the Sun, while the radial size increased as R2, resulting in a large and increasing switchback aspect ratio with distance from the Sun. 4. The switchback rotation angle did not depend on either the solar wind speed or the distance from the Sun. These results are consistent with switchback formation in the transition region because their increase of tangential size with radius compensates for the radial falloff of their equatorial density to produce switchback rates that are independent of distance from the Sun. This constant observed switchback rate is inconsistent with an in situ source. Once formed, the switchback size and aspect ratio, but not the rotation angle, increased with radial distance to at least 100 solar radii. In addition, quiet intervals between switchback patches occurred at the lowest solar wind speeds.