Nanodiamonds: Behavior in Biological Systems and Emerging Bioapplications

In the past decade, nanodiamonds (NDs) have been recognized as a promising nanomaterial for bioapplications such as bioimaging and drug delivery in nanoscale medicine. Here, we present a comprehensive survey of current research on ND interactions with biological systems, including their biocompatibility, cellular internalization, localization, and targeting by surface-attached ligands. We critically assess the differences between different types of NDs, such as detonation NDs and high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) NDs. We describe NDs’ physicochemical properties, structure, and available synthetic modifications by small molecules and biomolecules. Finally, we discuss emerging medical applications and bioapplications of these low-toxicity carbon nanoparticles.