Intra-specific responses of Cymodocea nodosa to macro-nutrient, irradiance and copper exposure

Abstract Excess macro-nutrients, metal contamination and light limitation are three of the most commonly encountered anthropogenic stressors affecting seagrass meadows. In this study, the effects of different combinations of nutrients (N-NO 3 , P-PO 4 ), copper and irradiance were investigated in shoots of Cymodocea nodosa collected from three meadows in the N. Aegean Sea, one (Nea Karvali) impacted by anthropogenically-derived environmental stressors and two in more pristine condition (Thasos, Brasidas). In a series of laboratory experiments, shoots were exposed to varying nutrient and heavy metal concentrations, as well as varying irradiance levels, for 8 days and the effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm′) and leaf elongation were quantified. Results showed that C. nodosa increased ΔF/Fm′ under high nutrient concentrations (30 μΜ N-NO 3 − –2 μΜ P-PO 4 3 − ) but significant differences were only apparent in shoots collected from the oligotrophic-less stressed meadows. Irradiance affected ΔF/Fm′ significantly in all shoots irrespective of source and PO 4 -P concentration, while higher values were measured under low light conditions and it was identified as the main pathway of eutrophication stress in N. Aegean Cymodocea meadows. Shoots, independently of acclimation were tolerant to copper enrichment, with only the highest copper concentrations (4.7 and 7.9 μM) having significant negative effects on ΔF/Fm′. Shoots from the more pristine meadows were less affected by Cu than those from the highly stressed meadow.