Copper mineralization and alterations in Gercus Basalt within the Gercus Formation, northern Iraq

Abstract The Gercus Basalt is a recently discovered body within the Gercus Formation, which is exposed on both limbs of the large, double-plunging, NW/SE-trending Bekhair Anticline to the north of Duhok city, northern Iraq. The basalt is mostly basanitic and alkaline in nature, greenish to grayish black in color, and very fine-grained, vesicular, amygdaloidal and microscopically porphyritic in texture. It consists of anorthoclase, diopside, forsterite and accessory titaniferous magnetite, ilmenite and apatite as well as their alteration products. The primary minerals are pervasively altered by calcitization, zeolitization, serpentinization, chloritization, silicification, iddingsitization, martitization, and possibly anorthoclasization. Copper mineralization has taken place as veins and fracture/joint-filling which is mostly observed near the northwestern plunge of the anticline where the basalt attains its maximum thickness of about 16 m. Twelve copper minerals were found within veins and fractures, including primary minerals (bornite, chalcopyrite and an unidentified sulfide – Cu2.3FeS3) and their secondary alteration and replacement products represented by sulfides (covellite, digenite, and chalcocite), native copper, cuprite, carbonates (malachite and azurite), silicate (chrysocolla) and possibly sulfates. The copper minerals are in many cases zonally arranged as spherules where the primary minerals acted as cores, surrounded outward by secondary minerals. Primary copper mineralization is of late magmatic hydrothermal origin, postdating the emplacement, consolidation, deuteric alterations, and fracturing/jointing of the Gercus Basalt; followed by the formation of secondary supergene copper minerals as a result of alteration and replacement of the primary copper sulfides along mineralized veins and fractures/joints due to chemical weathering by meteoric and/or groundwater during Eocene time.